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February 25,
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CounterPunch
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The
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Abrams
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Bush's State of Delusion
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Stewart's Conviction Hurts Us All
February 10,
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Academic Freedom?
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Jesus Back from the Hijackers
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What Ward Churchill Didn't Say
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Danish PM Says It's OK for Israel to Violate UN Resolutions
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|
February 25, 2005
Global Imperialist Designs
The
Royal Coup in Nepal
By
PRATYUSH CHANDRA
India and Britain have supposedly stopped
their military help to Nepal in response to the 1 Feb Royal Coup.
Even the US has expressed its displeasure on the events in Nepal.
Immediately two sets of questions come to any rational mind,
familiar with the South Asian developments:
1. Why was not there a similar
response to the real coup that occurred on Oct 4, 2002, when
the lawfully elected government was toppled? Can this response
be reduced to the difference between the attitude, in the case
of India, of the earlier BJP government and the present Congress
Party's? But if it is so, then why wasn't there any hue and cry
from the Congress Party and others at that time to force the
BJP government to provide a similar response?
2. What makes the Indian, British
and American interests coalesce on the issue? Can it be seen
as a part of the international alignment between these forces?
How do we interpret their designs in this particular case?
Obviously the problem before
these governments is not any foreknowledge of the 'excesses'
by military forces or the violation of human rights in Nepal,
as they claim. Nor is there any doubt that the King will not
be lenient towards the Maoist revolutionaries. Of course, one
of the biggest problems before them, is evidently the "crisis
of legitimation", the problem of legitimising their military
aid to Nepal. Since the Maoists were being posed as a force against
"democracy", and this was the prime ideology for militarising
the ongoing state repression in the country, the royal coup has
definitely been a setback to these foreign powers. However,
essentially, their present stand (regardless of its being sufficiently
hesitant) and any other stands they might take in future are
directly linked to Nepal's location in their wider political
economic and strategic designs.
I Imperialist
Preference : Monarchy with a Cosmetic Democracy
Further, another problem that
the royal coup poses before these foreign forces is related to
the US/UK/India's choice of the political form for Nepal. It
creates a temporary crisis for them in the sense that the incident
puts the monarchy and "democrats" in open confrontation.
India's Ministry of External Affairs itself on the day of the
coup assessed, "The latest developments in Nepal bring the
monarchy and the mainstream political parties in direct confrontation
with each other. This can only benefit the forces that not only
wish to undermine democracy but the institution of monarchy as
well." And their negligence of the 2002 coup shows aptly
what kind of balance between democracy and monarchy they want.
Definitely, the global forces have to be resilient enough for
any eventuality. They have to depend on the balance of the three
political forces in Nepal the monarchy, the democrats (Nepali
Congress and CPNUML) and the Maoist peasant revolutionaries,
and, of course, their own ability to negotiate with them. The
immediate internal options are perfectly clear the continuity
of a democratic delusion under Monarchy or a full-fledged democratic
republic with Maoists being on the negotiating table. But this
was the very clarity that the external forces did not want, since
the second option will loosen their grip over the Nepali political
economy, shattering its dependent nature, diminishing the parasitic
interests in the economy, and providing leverage to the only
local productive classes of proletarians, semi-proletarians
and peasantry an unprecedented situation in the post-Cold
War era. And this is what they fear!!!
The Indians and others have
consistently shown their preference for monarchy with a democratic
tinge. The difference between their responses now and in 2002
shows sufficiently that they prefer a democratic façade
rather than a full-fledged parliamentary democracy in Nepal.
This standpoint is directed by their problem of finding a suitable
internal power bloc with which they can negotiate, and their
interest to sustain a particular hierarchical relationship with
Nepal. In more general terms, it is a reflection of the articulation
of the imperialist interests with the political economic processes
in the country.
The trajectory of Nepali political
economic development conditioned by its internal dynamics and
external injections has been such that the big rentier and mercantilist
interests hegemonise the 'national' economy and state. Of course,
there are "nationalist", "intermediate" coalitions
of vast fragmented petty bourgeois interests of small intermediaries,
traders, civil servants, intellectuals etc. But due to the lack
of any centralised political economic interests in the form of
'national' capitalists needed for sustaining a vision of national
development, these national-democratic forces disperse easily
whenever they are enticed by easy attainments, or threatened
by hegemonic interests. This situation forces the foreign capital
Indian and others - to negotiate with rentier interests
in Nepal, whose main motive is to capitalise on their role as
intermediaries, on their capacity to rent out the local market
and resources. Moreover, it is in the interest of the foreign
capital that they negotiate with a few big 'landlords', 'waterlords',
'traders' etc., rather than layers of parasites. So their preference
is for a monarch that symbolises a grand negotiator. But on the
other hand, the grand rentier can create grand hurdles to gain
grand favours, too. Hence, a limited 'democracy' would provide
a safety valve for the imperialist forces in this regard, enabling
them to play democracy against the sole power, monarchy, whenever
required. This leads to the foreign preference for a façade
of democracy in Nepal under monarchy.
II The Myth
of the "Chinese Hand" and Imperialist Interests in
Nepal
Among one of the foremost reasons
that directs the imperialist bloc under the US to South Asia
in general is the proximity of China. In this regard we must
note that China's irritating emergence as a versatile economy
hosting conflicting global capitalist interests has kept the
rival states and coalitions on run to tighten security around
it in order to guard their respective sponsoring capitalist interests.
They know that the Chinese can easily misbalance the hegemony
of dollar against the euro, and squeeze away the former's seigniorage.
This explains the present American panic over the European willingness
to end China arms embargo. This explains the US' interests in
the military and economic cooperation with India, too.
The 'Chinese element' is definitely
there in the overall composition of the Indo-US response on the
present political uncertainty in Nepal. This is obvious taking
into consideration the frequent invocation of China's name in
the strategic discourse before and after the Royal coup. Many
have even gone to the extent of posing it as a Chinese ploy.
This opinion seems to be quite popular outside Nepal, but none
of the Nepali "democrats" has gone to the extent of
saying so. However, some of the King's pronouncements show that
at least he would love to make the world believe this, as only
this can guarantee the required legitimacy to his action. Only
this way he can bargain with the powers world over, making them
unnerved.
In the history of Nepal there
have been other occasions too when such coups have been staged
and the Chinese card played to bargain with India. It is not
that the Nepali rentiers and political elite will ever shift
their allegiance, but the continuous presence of China definitely
allows them to use this fact to gain favours from the only organized
imperialist coalition present in the region the Indo-US
Imperialism.
The "Chinese element"
in the present happenings in Nepal has started showing its effect
in the opinion mobilisation in India too. Some "security"
intellectuals have started proposing that India must not insist
on any immediate restoration of democracy. They argue that "the
official reaction has rather been hard and unnecessary"
and that "it is necessary to ensure that the King is not
pushed to the corner. Some space has to be given to him to save
his face."
Till recently, the trick of
calling the Maoist revolutionaries Chinese agents (or even Pakistani/ISI
agents) and faking evidences to prove this (which are simply
naïve to the extent of idiocy, fit only for the ever patriarchal
and chauvinist Indian middle class influenced by a new brand
of panic-producing "security" intellectuals) too served
a similar purpose. On the one hand, it allowed the Nepali dependent
interests to bargain enough military and economic aid from foreign
interests, especially India. On the other hand, it sufficiently
provided ammunitions to the ideology of "national security
interests" to legitimise and militarise Indian expansionism
and the American intervention in South Asia.
Understanding the US/UK/Indian
response on Nepali events in this scenario makes it very clear
that they want their continuous military presence in Nepal as
part of the coalition's wider agenda in South Asia and the Indian
Ocean, for particular material interests, and the royal coup
is definitely a temporary setback for the legitimacy of their
agenda.
III The
constitution of Indian Imperialism and its immediate agenda in
Nepal
The similarity of the responses
of these forces can be further comprehended as an Indian mobilisation
for setting its own agenda within that of the Anglo-American
coalition, in return to its own subservience to it. The Indian
interest is self-evident. The Economic Times (Feb 22) reports
"Returning here after consultations with the government
in New Delhi, the Indian ambassador to Nepal on Tuesday talked
tough, asking Nepal not to target its joint ventures in the kingdom
under the garb of emergency 'We have expressed our grave concern
over discriminatory targeting of Indian joint venture establishments,
including UTL (wireless telephone service), which has been restricted
to operate its service since the February 1 royal coup,' Indian
ambassador to Nepal Shiv Shanker Mukherjee said." It is
clear that the Nepali rulers themselves are doing this to obtain
legitimacy and have gained much as the envoys have started returning
to Nepal after consulting their respective governments.
The only foreign force that
is immediately concerned with the Maoists is India, taking into
consideration the extent of its interests in the Nepali economy,
which are thwarted by every small strike and road blockage there.
Further, the installation of a revolutionary government, if it
happens by any chance, will have a terrible impact on the Indian
neo-imperialism, that controls the Nepali economy to a large
extent. According to UNCTAD, seven countries account "for
over four fifths of cumulative FDI [in Nepal]. India alone accounted
for one third [owning 35% of the enterprises with FDI and 35.8%
share in the total FDI], followed by the United States and then
China." Hence, India has a two-pronged agenda for its intervention
in Nepal to allow its business interests to remain profitable
and functioning, and to thwart any competitor-rival interests,
especially Chinese, from superseding it. The Maoist insurgency
is threatening India on both counts the threat on the first
count is direct and immediate, the second being its corollary.
Hence, its military help to Nepal has been essentially to pre-empt
these dangers.
Now, the royal "coup"
has, at least temporarily, shaken the wits out of the bogey of
the Indian security interests and of protecting Nepali democracy
from the Maoists and unseen threats. India will have to take
time in remobilising the necessary legitimacy for its continuing
military aid to Nepal. But it cannot be expected to stretch its
intransigence shown initially, considering its need for a political
stability in Nepal to derive sustainable economic gains from
there, and thwart any rival interest from evolving. The return
of its ambassador clearly indicates this. However, the dilemma
for India is multiplied seeing the amount of political support
for the Nepali "democrats", at least within the ranks
and leadership of the parliamentary left. The Indian State's
only hope in this regard resides in the fact that the latter
is too much 'nationalist' and has been very much prone to compete
with the mainstream forces for serving the "national interests",
finding every armed insurgency within the country and around
it as anti-national. They might help in stopping the evolution
of a united front of the democrats and the Maoist peasant revolutionaries
in Nepal, and hence by effect not allowing the full-fledged republic
to come up.
IV Conclusion
the Agenda for Anti-Imperialism
It is high time for the genuine
"anti-imperialist" forces in South Asia, especially
in India, to go back to their basics and utter what there predecessors
in Europe did when they were facing chauvinist conflicts during
the World War I that "the main enemy is at home!" Or
else they will be repeating the mistakes of the social democrats
who stooped to social chauvinism. If they are serious about defeating
the global imperialism, they must stop looking for only enemies
abroad and must defeat the "enemy at home", of course,
cooperating with people of other countries whose struggle is
against their own imperialists and their agencies. They must
ally themselves to "the international class struggle against
the conspiracies of secret diplomacy, against imperialism, against
war" in which the Indian state is willingly entrenching
itself day by day.
Pratyush Chandra lives in Hyattsville, Maryland and
can be reached at: prchandra10@hotmail.com
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